The eruption of an island volcano in New Zealand’s Bay of Plenty killed up to 16 people, injured dozens and prevented rescuers from retrieving the bodies of eight victims believed to be on the island.
A famed tourist attraction, White Island is one of several active volcanoes in New Zealand and one of the thousands of active and dormant volcanoes that encircle the Pacific. Most lie far from major cities and are watched carefully for signs of danger.
The 1,500 active volcanoes on Earth are an unpredictable, ever-present hazard. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, more than half of them are in six countries: the U.S., Russia, Indonesia, Iceland, Japan and Chile.
• ANAK KRAKATAU, in Indonesia, erupted on Dec. 22, 2018, triggering a tsunami that killed more than 420 people and displaced 40,000. The volcano, whose name means “Child of Krakatau,” grew from the remains of Krakatau, whose 1883 eruption triggered a period of global cooling.
• VOLCAN DEL FUEGO, in Guatemala, buried the village of San Miguel Los Lotes in mud and ash in a June 3, 2018, eruption that killed more than 200 people. Its lava flows reached temperatures of about 1,300 degrees Fahrenheit.
• MOUNT MAYON, in the Philippines, erupted for several weeks in January 2018, belching red-hot lava fountains and huge columns of ash and lava into the sky in the latest of dozens of eruptions over the past 500 years. The explosion of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 was one of the 20th century’s biggest, killing about 800 people.
• MOUNT ONTAKE, in central Japan, erupted unexpectedly in 2014, killing 47 people who were caught off-guard while resting after climbing the peak. Most were killed by flying rocks. Survivors battled hot air and ash, rocks and debris as they fled the mountain. Seismologists said there had been no warning of such a big eruption.
• MOUNT UNZEN, in southern Japan near Nagasaki, exploded in 1991. Most of the 43 people who died were killed by pyroclastic flows of hot ash and steam that raced down the mountainside. An eruption in 1792 killed an estimated 15,000 people.
• NEVADO DEL RUIZ, in Colombia, erupted in 1985, killing 25,000 people, many of whom died when a 150-foot-high wall of mud plummeted down the mountainside. That followed an 1845 eruption that killed 1,000 people.
• MOUNT PELEE, long dormant, surprised the residents of Martinique with deadly eruptions in 1902 that killed nearly 30,000 people in mudflows and a flood of lava particles suspended in gases and fires ignited by hot ash that swept over the city of St. Pierre.
• MOUNT TAMBORA, in Indonesia, exploded in 1815 in the biggest known eruption in 1,000 years, one so powerful it, too, altered global weather. About 92,000 people are thought to have died from the eruptions, including 82,000 who perished of starvation and disease and 10,000 killed by its direct impact.
• KILAUEA, on the island of Hawaii, killed more than 400 people in a 1790 eruption. Many were at its caldera at the time.
• LAKI and GRIMSVOTN wiped out much of Iceland’s livestock and about 10,000 people died in a famine after months of eruptions in 1783-85 that spewed toxic gases. It left pastures coated in fluorine and causing acid rains and emissions that lowered temperatures in the northern hemisphere.
• MOUNT VESUVIUS, in Italy, unleashed lava flows in a 1631 eruption that killed 3,360 people. An estimated 13,000 perished in an eruption in the year 79 that left many victims entombed in ash and rock.
