Residents who live along New Jersey’s thriving coast had genuine concerns about the impact of offshore wind on their ocean views, local economies, and commercial and recreational fishing.
But an unusual event gave fossil fuel-aligned interests an opening to dominate the conversation, ultimately helping sway public opinion away from offshore wind: a spate of whale deaths.
Starting in 2016, humpback whales started to become stranded at an elevated rate along the Atlantic Coast from Maine through Florida. In 2023 alone, eight humpback whales were stranded in New Jersey, bringing the total from 2016 through October to 29 in what the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries called an “unusual mortality event.”
And starting in 2017, endangered North Atlantic right whales also started dying at a faster rate than normal. In all, 121 right whales have died since then. The number is alarming because estimates suggest only 350 North Atlantic right whales remain.
The unusual mortality event began before offshore wind projects were approved in New Jersey. Orsted’s Ocean Wind 1 project got the go-ahead in June 2019, but it has never begun construction.
Regardless, the whale deaths began making national news this year.
The Danish company Orsted was frequently the target of claims its offshore wind activities were hurting whales. The company pulled out of two state offshore wind projects on Tuesday, but cited economics as the reason.
Whale deaths give anti-wind groups a foothold
Most whale deaths go unrecorded, as do causes. But NOAA says a portion of the whales have shown evidence of being struck by vessels. Others get entangled in fishing equipment. However, NOAA said it does not have enough evidence to conclude all whales were stranded or killed in those ways and that more research is needed.
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, which has been working with NOAA, began receiving concerns from various groups that offshore wind was causing whale deaths. The DEP, however, noted that no offshore wind-related construction has taken place, and there is no “credible evidence” that offshore wind-related surveys could cause whale mortality.
Rather, the DEP said it believed warming ocean temperatures are causing whales and the fish they eat, including menhaden, to move into new areas, bringing them into areas frequented by vessels.
Regardless, anti-wind groups began suggesting survey vessels used by the offshore wind industry interfered with whale movements because of sonar — even though sonar has been widely used by other industries including fishing. Cable news, talk radio, and social media helped spread the word.
The claims captured the public’s attention. Protect Our Coast NJ, one of the most outspoken anti-wind groups, raised donations for the Ocean Environment Legal Defense Fund through its Facebook group and a web page. The fund is administered by the Caesar Rodney Institute, a Delaware based group that originated as a conservative nonprofit, but now bills itself as nonpartisan. Protect Our Coast NJ said the institute has no role other than to hold the group’s money.
The Heartland Institute, a “free-market” think tank, has also been involved in tying offshore wind to North Atlantic right whale deaths. It has been closely aligned with fossil fuel and conservative groups.
Public opinion turns
By September, a Stockton University poll showed that public support for wind turbines off the New Jersey coast had waned over four years, especially in Shore towns. The poll showed that 50% of state residents were still in favor of the wind farms, 33% opposed, and 16% unsure. However, the results reflected a 30 percentage-point drop in support from 2019.
The main reasons cited for opposition: potential harm to sea life and obstructed ocean views — the same claims the anti-wind groups were making.
Also in September, the Save Right Whales Coalition New Jersey hosted a media tour 9 miles off the coast of Belmar, Monmouth County, to demonstrate what it said would be the impact of offshore wind on the Shore, marine mammals, commercial shipping, and commercial and recreational fishing. Member groups of the coalition included SaveOurWhalesNow, Save Long Beach Island, and the Long Island Commercial Fishing Association.
The Save Right Whales Coalition was cofounded by Lisa Linowes, a senior fellow at the Texas Public Policy Foundation, an Austin-based conservative think tank that advocates for fossil fuels and opposes wind energy.
Anti-wind interests from Texas and California
In its last public filing for its nonprofit status, the Texas Public Policy Foundation reported contributions of $25.6 million. The foundation is not required to disclose all its donors. But The New York Times, SourceWatch.org, a watchdog group, and others have detailed contributions from multiple fossil-fuel aligned donors including the Koch brothers, owners of Koch Industries, which owns petrochemical plants, oil refineries, and pipelines.
A public relations firm hired by Save Right Whales Coalition requested that The Inquirer send its questions for Linowes via email. Linowes did not respond.
The Save Right Whales Coalition says on its website that it does not take money from “fossil fuel, nuclear, or any other energy industry” and that most members of the coalition are unpaid volunteers.
The one paid staff member works for the nonprofit Environmental Progress. Save Right Whales Coalition requests that donations be made to Environmental Progress, a Berkley, Calif.-based nonprofit.
Environmental Progress is run by Michael Shellenberger. The group’s website describes Shellenberger as an “environmental guru,” “climate guru,” “North America’s leading public intellectual on clean energy,” and “high priest” of the environmental humanist movement.
As president of Environmental Progress, Shellenberger is paid $225,000 a year, or about 30% of contributions the group took in 2021, according to its 990 filing with the IRS.
Shellenberger, an independent candidate for California governor, frequently tweets against wind on X, the platform formerly known as Twitter. His social media posts are largely pro-nuclear and pro-fossil fuel.
Save Right Whales Coalition hired Maine-based Rand Acoustics to follow a wind surveying vessel, the Miss Emma McCall in May 2023 off the New Jersey coast. The vessel was hired by Attentive Energy, which holds a lease for a wind farm from the federal Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM).
Rand Acoustics said it followed the vessel 43 nautical miles off the coast of Barnegat Light on May 8. Rand Acoustics then dropped equipment in the water to record decibel levels. It said the level of noise from the vessel, which was using sonar, exceeded Attentive Energy’s application to federal Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), known as an incidental harassment permit.
Jim Brooks, president of TDI-Brooks International Inc., which owns the Miss Emma McCall, sent an email to The Inquirer, saying it is not the company’s policy to reply but added that “our vessel did not exceed the noise levels in Attentive’s incidental harassment permit.”
Attentive Energy responded with a statement, saying the company’s activities are “reviewed and approved” by BOEM and the National Marine Fisheries Service.
“Attentive Energy’s focus on marine mammals’ protection is underscored by our conservation investments and partnerships across our projects off the coast of New York and New Jersey,” it said.
