If there’s one group of plants that cries out for regular and careful pruning, it’s fruit trees.
Taste the sweetness of a perfectly ripe pear: That sweetness represents energy, and that energy comes from sunlight. With proper pruning, all the limbs of a fruit tree bask in sunshine.
Pruning also helps these trees strike a balance between shoot growth and fruit production, so important in making sure they bear large, luscious fruits year after year. Those shoots are needed for energy-producing leaves and for places on which fruits hang.
THE YOUNG TREE:
The first years are important to a fruit tree’s future performance. These are the years to help your tree lay down a permanent framework of branches that can support loads of fruit and not shade each other.
Centuries of fruit growing have spawned many different forms for trees, but three predominate: the central-leader, the open-center, and the modified-central-leader.
The central-leader tree is shaped much like a Christmas tree, with a single leader — the trunk — flanked by shorter and shorter side branches moving up the tree. The open-center tree is vase-shaped, with three or four main limbs growing outward and upward. The modified-central-leader tree is a hybrid that starts as a central-leader then becomes open-center.
All these forms allow a tree to “harvest” enough sunlight. The ideal form for a particular tree depends not only on your whims, but also on the plant’s natural growth habit.
GET YOUR TREE IN SHAPE:
Begin pruning any new tree by cutting back broken stems and dead or diseased wood to healthy tissue. If your new tree is but a single stem, shorten it by one-third to promote branching. If it is already branched, save well-placed stems and completely cut away all others.
The ideal branching arrangement starts about 2 feet from the ground and continues in a spiral arrangement up the trunk with about 8 inches between branches. In the case of the open-center tree, lop off the central stem just above the third branch.
THE MATURE, BEARING TREE:
Once a fruit tree is mature and beyond the training stage, then pruning it well means striking a balance between shoot growth and fruit production.
Especially with large fruits, such as apple and peach, individual fruits tend to be undersize and less sweet with too heavy a crop. Pruning also removes some potential fruits so the plant can pump more energy into those that remain.
Once a tree matures to start bearing fruit, each year prune some stems and remove others completely. Shorten stems where you want regrowth and increased branching. Completely remove stems where you do not want such regrowth, such as where stems are overcrowded. Complete removal is also the way to deal with those vigorous, upright shoots called watersprouts, which are not fruitful and tend to shade lower portions of the plant.
