LOS ANGELES — Jupiter takes center stage with the arrival next week of a NASA spacecraft built to peek through its thick, swirling clouds and map the planet from the inside out.
The solar-powered Juno spacecraft is on the final leg of a five-year, 1.8 billion-mile voyage to the biggest planet in the solar system.
Juno promises to send back the best close-up views as it circles the planet for a year. Jupiter is a gas giant made up mostly of hydrogen and helium, unlike rocky Earth and its neighbor Mars. The fifth planet from the sun likely formed first and it could hold clues to how the solar system developed.
A look at the $1.1 billion mission:
THE ARRIVAL: As Juno approaches Jupiter late Monday, it will fire its main rocket engine to slow down and slip into orbit around the planet. This carefully orchestrated move, all preprogrammed, is critical because Juno will zip past Jupiter if it fails to brake. The engine burn — lasting about a half-hour — is designed to put Juno on a path that loops over Jupiter’s poles.
Since it takes 48 minutes for radio signals from Jupiter to reach Earth, mission controllers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California won’t be able to intervene if something goes awry. They’ll watch for beeps from Juno that’ll signal whether the engine burn is going as planned.
THE MISSION: Spacecraft have visited Jupiter since the 1970s, but there are still plenty of questions left unanswered. How much water does the planet have? Is there a dense core? Why is its signature Great Red Spot — a hurricanelike storm that has been raging for centuries — shrinking?
During the mission, Juno will peer through Jupiter’s dense clouds, flying within 3,100 miles, closer than any other spacecraft.
THE SPACECRAFT: Named after the cloud-piercing wife of the Roman god Jupiter, Juno carries nine instruments to map Jupiter’s interior and study its turbulent atmosphere. Also stowed aboard are three mini figures of Jupiter, Juno and Galileo designed by the Lego Group. The Italian Space Agency donated a plaque inscribed with Galileo’s writings.
Previous trips to Jupiter have relied on nuclear power because of the distance from the sun. Juno is the first spacecraft to venture this far out on solar power. Juno, about the size of an SUV, has three tractor-trailer-size solar wings that extend outward like blades from a windmill.
THE PICTURES: The Hubble Space Telescope and other spacecraft have returned stunning pictures of Jupiter, including a new photo released Thursday of its northern lights. But scientists said the best views are yet to come. Juno will get in closer and will provide the most detailed look at the planet’s polar regions, clouds and auroras.
The public can also vote on where to point the camera. NASA has said pictures from the mission won’t be publicly released until at least late August.
THE FINISH: Once Juno wraps up its work, it will deliberately dive into Jupiter’s atmosphere and burn up. The fiery finale — expected in 2018 — ensures that the spacecraft doesn’t accidentally crash into Jupiter’s moons, particularly the icy moon Europa, a prime target for future missions.
